Wednesday, 11 September 2019

The Silver Lamp




The Silver lamp is a beautiful short story by Anil Kumar Naik. It was published in a popular English magazine printed from Delhi several years ago, in1986. The story is in the background of India Pakistan war. It’s about war and Indian soldiers during the 1965 Indo-Pak war. And particularly one soldier, making a supreme sacrifice for his motherland. The story is heart-touching and relevant even today. It is reproduced here with the author’s consent.

Near the open ground, a little away from the other houses, stood a double-storeyed house, now practically in ruins. It had been destroyed in the very first days of the battle but the mad, old woman refused to vacate it. She lived all alone in the ruins, a silent witness to the intense fighting outside…….by Anil Kumar Naik

                                   
I don’t anything about him except that, according to the newspapers, his name was Abdul, and that he was killed in action in the early morning on 5 September 1965, on the Punjab front on the bank of the river Sutlej.

The incident I am relating here goes back to the Indo-Pak war of 1965. The Indian army was pushing back the Pakistanis from our territory, which they had occupied abruptly, during another aggression on India. Most of the occupied land was regained by the Indian forces, and only a bridge across the Sutlej and a chunk of land, in front of it, on the bank was still in Pakistani hands.

As planned, in the early morning, six Indian soldiers set out to steal upon the Pakistanis, holding on to the chunk of land and the bridge. They had to pass through a small open ground. Damaged tanks and burnt armored jeeps and vehicles were scattered all over the place.

And the entire vegetation was razed to the ground, leaving behind only trunks of the trees. One can easily imagine what a deadly battle it must have been.

They succeeded in covering most of the ground, but in the middle, the men were suddenly caught by shelling and machine gun fire from the opposite bank. For about twenty five minutes, they were under heavy enemy fire. The men took cover in whatever they could find to protect themselves.

When finally the firing eased a little, a young man, a Sikh and a Gurkha soldier who were slightly wounded, crawled off, hugging two other seriously wounded soldiers, and the sixth, he who had been less fortunate, remained motionless in the middle.

The Pakistanis were panicky and probably worried by the Indian army’s attempt to get across the bridge. Expecting reinforcements, the whole day after they on and off shelled the open ground and the bushes around to stop any further attempt by the Indian soldiers to move forward towards the bridge.

The commander who had been ordered to cross over to the bridge the next day by noon, said, “There was no need to get Abdul’s body out; he could be buried after they had captured the bridge, so vital for India.” And with the strength and spirit of his valiant men, he was sure of recapturing the bridge and the far bank.

The Pakistanis, still worried and intending to keep the Indian soldiers at bay, continued to shell all day, after sunset and right through the night. They were expecting retaliation from the Indian forces.

Near the open ground, a little away from the rest of the houses, there stood a house with two floors but now practically in ruins.

And looking at it, one could not tell what the house originally looked like. It was destroyed in the very first days of the battle, and it was impossible to imagine that anybody still dwelt there.

However, an old Sikh woman, whom many thought insane, was still living under the ruins, which could now be only entered through a hole. The door was blocked with debris and stones.

She formerly lived on the second floor in a room, left to her by her late husband, a wealthy farmer. When the second floor was destroyed, she moved into a room on the first floor and when the first floor was bombed, she moved into the ground floor, refusing to move out.

Though there was intense fighting outside, she moved about her room and was a silent witness to all the happenings outside.

5 September 1965, was the third day she had been living there. That morning she clearly saw how the six Indian soldiers made their way into the open ground, from which her house was separated only by a broken fence.

She also saw the Pakistanis open fire and the shells exploding all around. She even pushed her head out of the hole, and was about to call the six soldiers to crawl into her house, where they would be surely, more safer when the shell a shell exploded close the ruins. And stunned by the explosion, she fell back, hit her head badly against the stone wall and lay unconscious.

Finally when she regained consciousness and looked out, she saw that only one of the six men was still on the ground. He was motionless and lying on his side, as if sleeping comfortably at home. She called out to him several times, but there was no response and soon she realized he was dead.

The Pakistanis, still worried of retaliation from the Indian side, continued their fire at regular intervals and shells continued to burst around, scooping earth, rising black smoke and wiping out the little left vegetation.

The dead soldier was lying all alone with damaged tanks, armored cars and burnt trees scattered around him.

From her house, the old woman gaped at the dead man. She was overcome with emotion and longed to share her feelings, but she was all alone. Her husband was killed long back by the Pakistanis. Even her dog, cow, hens and cats, that had ever since been her constant company, were killed during the last explosion.

Tears rolled down her eyes and she sat for a while, immersed in thought. Then she searched the only bundle lying in a corner. She took out something, hid it under her dress, and slowly made her way out of the house. She slowly moved towards the open space.

When a part of the fence blocked her movement further onward, instead of jumping over it, she made her way around it and finally came to the open ground.

The Pakistanis continued to shell and bomb the area, but miraculously not a single shell fell near her.

She unperturbed, slowly covered the entire ground and finally reached the spot where the dead Indian soldier lay motionless. With great difficulty she turned him over on his back and saw his face. He was young, handsome and pale.

She caressed his hair, kissed him on the forehead, crossed his arms on his chest and with great difficulty sat down next to him murmuring some prayer.

The Pakistanis continued to shell, bomb and fire with automatic guns and weapons from the other side of the river bank. However, the shells continued to fall far from her. So she sat at his side and just looked at him with tears in her eyes.

Something was jutting out from his shirt pocket. She managed to pull it out. It was a family photograph – his young wife, two kids and aged father and mother. Looking at it, she broke down: “Son, my son, you cannot see them.” And pushed it back into his pocket.

It was very cold and calm, except the time when the shells exploded. After sitting there silently for a while, finally she rose and, moving away from the dead soldier, took a few steps about the open ground. She had found what she was looking for – a large pit made by the shelling from the far side.

She slowly returned to the dead soldier. Taking hold of his hands, she began dragging him towards the pit. It was about fifteen feet away. But as she was frail and old, she had to sit at intervals. At last, she dragged him towards the pit and with all the strength she could muster, put him down into it. Exhausted, she sat down to rest.

The Pakistanis kept on firing and shelling from time to time, but the shells continued to explode at a distance. After a long rest, she knelt, closed her eyes and folding her hands, said a prayer. After kissing him on his face and forehead, she slowly began to cover him with earth.

Very soon nothing was visible from under the earth. Not satisfied, she continued to throw handfuls of earth. After over three hours, she managed to make a little mound over the buried dead young man.

Though the night was falling, the Pakistanis continued firing. Having finished the mound, the old, frail woman opened a small cloth bag and removed an old silver lamp, her treasured possession for all these years.

She brought out a bottle of oil and a matchbox. She stuck the silver lamp on the mound, poured some oil and lighted it. It burned brightly and, at once, lighted the dim surroundings. She sat down alongside, closed her eyes and folding her hands, prayed once again for the departed soul.

It was cold and a strong breeze blew across. But the flame just flickered on. Later, some shells exploded at a distance; the flame again just flickered, refusing to blow out.

But, finally the impact was so close that it toppled over. The old woman stuck it again, poured some oil and lighted it again. She was satisfied.

At about 3 am, she again came and poured some more oil. She saw the flame flickering. She looked around and stopped, feeling about the ground, found a piece of burnt iron sheet. And bending with great difficulty, with her weak hands, picked it up and she stuck it into the ground, so as to shield the lamp against the blowing wind.

After this, she moved back slowly as she had come all the way. Again she crossed the open ground, walked around the part of the fence and returned to her ruined house.

Early morning, the battalion to which the dead soldier, Abdul belonged, crossed the open ground under heavy shelling and fierce fighting followed across on the opposite river bank. Heavy fighting and firing continued on the far bank for some time till the enemy was driven away.

Remembering Abdul, who had been killed the previous morning, the commander ordered his men to find him and bury him in the common grave with all those who died fighting that morning. They searched for the body all over, but in vain.

Abruptly, one of the soldiers stopped at the corner of the open ground and, shouting in amazement called out to the rest of the men. Pointing to at the spot he said, “ look here.”

All looked down. There they saw a small mound in a big shell-hole half filled with earth, a silver lamp burning and a burnt iron sheet stuck to the ground to shield the flame from the wind. The flame still flickered. By now, all the men gathered around the grave. Removing their caps and helmets, they stood silently, watching the lamp burn, and overcome with emotion, said a silent prayer.

At that moment, the frail, old Sikh woman quietly approached and slowly walked past them and with great difficulty she bent down and poured some oil in the lamp. Then again she closed her eyes, folded her hands and murmured a prayer.

She started to rise, but was not able to do so immediately and a Gurkha soldier, closest to her, helped her up. She stood, without uttering a word, she looked at the men, the dead soldier’s comrades all feeling sad and helpless. She bowed low.

Again she closed her eyes, folded her hands and walked back. Their eyes followed her. And seeing her enter the old house,  they moved away in the direction towards the bridge and across the river to catch up with the others of their battalion.

Amidst the ash, shell-holes, burnt metal and wood and mangled iron, burned the old widow’s treasured possession – a silver lamp, placed by a Sikh mother on the grave of a Muslim son.

The flame shone brightly and seemed eternal, like a mother’s heart and a son’s courage and love for his motherland.



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Khandoba, Martanda Bhairav or Malhari!

Khandoba, Martanda Bhairav or Malhari, is the Maratha manifestation of Shiva mainly in the Deccan plateau, though he is identified with Kartikeya and with Vishnu and also with sun. In Andhra, he is called Mallikarjuna and in Karnataka, he is Mallanna. Jains have identified him with Mallinath. Muslims who have a long history in Deccan region, identify him as Mallu Khan.

He is visualized as riding a white horse brandishing a sword. He wears a Maratha turban, has a magnificent moustache and beard. Accompanying him on his horse is his main wife, Mhalsa. Jejuri is a town close to Pune in Maharasthra. It is famous for the main temple devoted to Lord Khandoba.
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St Joseph's Church, Mangalore, Karnataka
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Sunday, 7 July 2019

Vetoba – King of the ghosts!





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Almost every year I visit Shiroda in Konkan region to attend the padva - Bapu Mama utsav either during May or June as per the tithi in the Hindu calendar. And nearby is Aravali, famous for the Shri Dev Vetoba Devasthan, a popular old temple and a tourist attraction in the area. A close connection between the Kamat family of Shiroda and the Vetoba temple goes back to hundreds of years, which makes it all the more necessary for me to visit the temple when ever I visit Shiroda. The cool and spiritual environment inside the temple makes your visit a pleasant one.

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Shri Dev Vetoba Devasthan in Aravali is situated on the Shiroda-Vengurla main road. Aravali in taluka Vengurle, district Sindhudurg, Maharashtra. Shri Dev Vetoba Devasthan is one of the most famous 'jagrut' (Lord who fulfills the wishes of devotees). Shri Dev Vetoba is the God of Aravali village. Natives of this picturesque, tranquil village straddling the Arabian Sea worship Shri Dev Vetoba as their protector. They believe He brings prosperity to the village. Devotees worship Him as a loving and compassionate God who answers their prayers, fulfills their wishes and comes to their aid in times of crisis and difficulties. Locals and devotees lovingly call their God, simply – Vetoba. 

Thanks to Vetoba’s blessings, Aravali has today blossomed into a significant pilgrimage centre in Konkan. Devotees in thousands pour into the village from far and wide to seek Vetoba’s darshan and blessings during His two big annual festivals: on Margshirshya shuddha pratipada (Devdipavali) and His investiture-day festival on Vaishakh shuddha panchami. The festivals are celebrated with great devotion, enthusiasm and fanfare. The temple is decorated with flowers and lights. Dazzling fireworks light up the sky. 

Vetoba’s elegant  and prominent idol is fashioned out of ‘panchdhatu’ (5 metals). It is bigger than the life-size, 9’.2” tall, and faces north. Vetoba is standing, in all his glory and power, with a sword in his right hand and an agnipatra (small utensil) in his left. In the temple's sanctum sanctorum, Vetoba's idol is flanked by idols of Shri Dev Bhummaiyya, Shri Dev Purwas, Shri Dev Rampurush, Shri Dev Baracha Purwas (Nirakari) and Shri Dev Bhavkai.

It is a common practice and a long tradition to seek Vetoba’s consent and blessing before undertaking any new work, project, repair or construction of a house  or when obstacles come in a devotee's routine life. Devotees and villagers seek His blessings during times of difficulties, disasters or before undertaking any new job, business or venture, including marriage or any local disputes. They have full faith on Vetoba's judgement.

Vetoba’s ‘Kaul’ - In Konkan region, there is a tradition of asking for Vetoba’s ‘prasad’, a worship ritual popularly known as ‘kaul’. In essence, ‘kaul’ is designed to seek specific answers from Vetoba for varied personal problems. So, in a ‘kaul’ 33 leaves of ‘salai’ tree are stuck to various specified parts of Vetoba’s idol, each one imbued with certain meaning. And an experienced villager, well-versed in this practice interprets the answer from the leaves that Vetoba drops down. And then they guide the answer-seekers accordingly, either yes or no or not presently or its not the appropriate time. From the time Vetoba’s temple was first established in early part of 17th century, this age-old tradition has continued till date. Devotees say Vetoba is known to give answers to all queries or problems that normally is considered correct and come true, and devotees abide by these pronouncements.

Another age-old tradition,  is offering of bananas or banana bunch (ghad), sweets such as sugar, pedhe, laddus, a pair of dhoti, uparana as naivedya to Vetoba. There is also a peculiar tradition of offering Him a pair of new chappals made from special leather which is available only in Aravali. Locals believe that Vetoba acts as the caretaker and protector (rakshankarta) of their beautiful village, walking the paths in the night wearing the chappals offered to him. The next day when you check the chappals, it has marks as if somebody has worn and walked the paths and terrain.

Vetoba's temple is basically the temple of Vetal, the King of ghosts, pishacchas, demons and other evil entities. The word ‘Vetal’ itself is imbued with profound meaning. If the word’s first alphabet is omitted, the remaining two, ‘Taal’ in Marathi mean balance, buddhi or wisdom. If the second one is omitted, the remaining two, 'Vel' mean 'time'. And if the third one is omitted, the remaining two, 'Vet' mean to bring forth. 

Humans are prone to doing negative, evil things or bad karma. This usually happens when they fall prey to negative, selfish thoughts.  In other words, when their buddhi or wisdom goes haywire, the power that brings forth or restores buddhi or wisdom in time is Vetal. Vetal is the God who reins in evil, negative thoughts or tendencies in humans, and guides them on the righteous path. 

In Indian culture, there is a tradition to affix the suffix 'ba' to proper names. 'Ba' denotes respect and reverence. In Gujarat too, mother is called 'ba.' . So, in Vetal's name the replacing of the last alphabet by ‘ba’ is indicative of respect and reverence for the deity. So he is called Vetoba in reverence and respect.

Manifestation of Shiva - Vetoba is offered satvik (pure) naivedya like sugar, bananas pedhe, laddus etc. Vetoba is a God that observes the purity and rigours of Brahma worship. He is the manifestation of Lord Shiva. He is a King. He is the King of the ghosts, who controls evil entities like demons, pishacchas etc. Ghosts make up his army, but he is not a ghost himself. He is their King. This is well collaborated by many sources, including Srimad Bhagwad and Matsyapurana. The 5th adhyaya of Navnath Bhaktisaar Granth describes how Macchindranath harassed the ghost kingdom and challenged the king Vetal, to a fight.  And how Vetal organised his army of ghosts, summoning them from different regions.

In the temples of Maharashtra, devotees meditate on Vetoba with the mantra: || Om Namah Paraay Shivatmane Vetalay Namah ||

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Yogiraj Bapumama Keni – The connection between Vetoba temple & Kamat family in Shiroda.
Any discription of Aravali’s Shri Dev Vetoba is incomplete without reference to Yogiraj Bapumama Keni. 


The Story
As the story goes, he was hailed as Sidhpurush, Bapumama, etc. He was also called Yogiraj Bapumama Keni. Around 1730, Bapumama a spiritually inclined saintly person arrived in Shiroda and stayed at Harbanna Kamat’s house for 40 years. He worshipped Vetoba as Vitthal, the avatar of Lord Krishna. It is believed that while standing in front of Vetoba with folded hands, a small flame emerged from the deity’s heart, floated through the air and stopped in front of Bapumama’s heart. It was as if saying that he and Bapumama were one. This incident has been widely reported. Hence any description of Aravali’s Vetoba is incomplete without reference to Bapumama.

It is said that hrough his pravachanaas (lectures), Bapumama sang the glories of Vetoba and preached about His power and compassion to the devotees, turning hundreds of people into Vetoba’s  staunch devotees. Due to his presence in the region, Aravali soon blossomed into a holy pilgrimage place, where devotees thronged, and still do for Vetoba’s darshan and blessings.

Since Bapumama was very close to Vetoba that his anniversary programme is called ‘Bapumamacha Padwa,’ and is celebrated every year. It takes place on Jeshtha shuddha pratipada at the residence of Gajanan Pandurang Kamat at Shiroda. In honour of the occasion, it is the tradition to send from Aravali’s Shri Dev Vetoba Devasthan members of Joshi, Haridas, Puranik families, together with vajantri (troupe with instruments) and the temple gurav to Kamat’s residence at Shiroda.

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First Likes & Dislikes!:
Women love to remember the many firsts in their lives, like – first love, first date, first kiss, first dress/saree, first flight, etc.

But at the same time love to forget a few firsts like – first streak of grey hair, first sign of getting old, first glimpse of a wrinkle, first feel of going out of shape and first realization that she is crossing 30.

Men too have their likes and dislikes, but soon forget the count of it! Men are not too attached to it. They remember for a while and forget it. A seasoned husband is one who forgets his marriage anniversary or his wife’s birthday at least once and I need not mention the repercussion!

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Sateri temple close to Vetoba in Aravali




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Tuesday, 19 February 2019

A day at ITM Universe






Today Dr Baba Pai is a respected personality in Baroda. He was the Dean at MS University for many years before taking VRS when he still had many more years left; to face new challenges. Not very sure what next, he remained in Baroda to climb greater heights in academics. He was invited to join ITM Universe. Presently Dr Baba Pai is the Director of ITM Universe, a reputed education institute spread over a vast campus on the outskirts of Baroda. He has recently completed ten years as the Director of this prestigious institution. And I had the privilege to visit and spend a day at the campus......

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After many years or rather decades, recently visited a friend Dr Baba Pai in the first week of February, at Baroda, for a weekend stay. I am literally meeting him after decades. And Baroda weather was pleasant and chill. In the years in between, we both got married and had children, who grew up, got educated and were married too. But we didn’t find an opportunity to meet due to our commitments. Finally I made up my mind to meet him and his wife come what may. And we booked our tickets for Baroda. So finally our going was confirmed.

Dr Baba Pai from Mangalore did his Phd in metallurgy at IIT Mumbai in the mid-seventies and was a regular visitor at our place, which is not very far from the Powai campus. My parents and we siblings enjoyed his company. After his Phd, he went on to pursue his career in metallurgy and academics. He returned to Mangalore and took up a teaching job. And I went on to pursue my career in the creative field. Years passed by, decades passed by.  Though he visited my place a couple of times, I couldn’t meet him as I was out. He shifted from Manipal, near Mangalore where he had a respected and a secured job, to Baroda by chance, joining MS University. In a way, his life changed for the better. From teaching over the years, he climbed up the ladder in the academic field to end up as a Dean.


Our visit was in a way a meeting of long lost friends and also a meeting of creative and technical minds. I decided to spend the weekend with him in Baroda, also known as Vadodara. We were warmly welcomed by Dr Baba Pai and his smiling wife, Saraswati, hailing from Tonse Pai family in Manipal. We met and connected well, though we we met after decades and meeting his wife for the first time. Talking about the years and decades gone by, about the highs and lows in life, about how he met his future wife, the kids and the success in life. His elder son is married to a girl from a respected family in Madgaon, Goa. The couple with a  sweet child is settled in London. The younger son is married to a girl from a reputed Surjikars family in Mangalore. And they are living in Mumbai. The couple too have a child.

Today Dr Baba Pai is a respected personality in Baroda. He was the Dean at MS University for many years before taking VRS when he still had many more years left; to face new challenges. Not very sure what next, he remained in Baroda to climb greater heights in academics. Again destiny had other ideas. He was invited to join ITM Universe. He joined this institution, not sure what future lies ahead. His indomitable spirit and quiet brilliance inspires the hearts and minds of all around him. And he has completed ten years as the Director of this prestigious institution.

Presently Dr Baba Pai continues as the Director of ITM Universe, a reputed education institute spread over a vast campus on the outskirts of Baroda. And I had the privilege to visit and spend a day at the campus. I got a chance to see the campus and go around various labs, classrooms and departments and see the students’ project work exhibited by past and present students. It was an eye-opener and a first-hand experience of the modern teaching imparted to students from all over Gujarat and India, who put in a great effort to get admission in such reputed institutions. And after passing out, take up challenging positions in institutions and the corporate world.

Samata Lok Sansthan Trust is a registered trust in Gujarat. And the Trust has established two Technical campuses – ITM Universe and ITM SAAD (School of Architecture, Art and Design) at Baroda, Gujarat. ITM Universe was established in the year 2011-12 with two schools – *School of Engineering with an intake of 300 students *School of Management with an intake of 120 students.

School of Computer Applications was formed in the year 2012-13 with an intake of 60 students.

Similarly, the Trust established ITM SAAD (School of Architecture, Art and Design) in the year 2012. The trust established ITM Universe, Vadodara with the approval of AICTE with an intake of 420 students which rose to 900 in the very next academic year 2012-13. School of Engineering offers undergraduate courses in five streams of Engineering, namely Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Computer Science and Engineering.

ITM Universe Campus at Vadodara is situated on the bank of river Vishwamitri amidst orchards of Mangoes and Chickoos owned by the Trust at village Paldi, on Halol highway. The campus is about 20 minutes drive from Vadodara airport and is in a pollution free natural surroundings near Dhanora lake. On my drive from Dr Baba Pai’s home to ITM Universe campus we could immediately experience the change in temperature, a fall of at least 3 degrees. A feeling of being one with nature!

Through its UG/PG level trained students will cater to the manpower needs of Halol Industrial area. The campus is being constructed across 50 acres land in a phased manner. It will have more than six lakh square feet of instructional area and other additional spaces for more amenities. The modern feel of the campus is very much visible with the display of contemporary sculptures and artworks created by well-known artists using various materials, from around the world who visit the campus from time to time to inspire the students.

Mr Rama Shankar Singh is the Trustee of ITM Universe. Smt Kanupriya Singh Rathore is the Chair person, Shri Ravindra Singh Rathore is the Managing Director & Trustee. And a list of 24 eminent persons from academics and the corporate world make up the advisory board. And an Academic Council, comprising of 15 experts well qualified in the field of teaching help to guide the institute. Dr Baba Pai is the Director of ITM Universe and Prof Uday Shelat is the Director of ITM SAAD.

Vision – To develop the institute into a centre of excellence in education, research, training and consultancy to the extent that it becomes a significant player in the technical and overall development of the country. And I am sure it is on the right path under the group of eminent persons from different fields.

Dr Baba Pai assures - our aim is to make ITMU a world class institute. And it should be possible under his able leadership and a well qualified team working along with him.

The big playground, open area, greenery, fresh air, buildings in sync with the natural environment is conducive to imparting knowledge. Students though far from home feel homely and comfortable.

With evolving market dynamics, academicians feel that education should be instrumental in helping students understand a changing business scenario and mold entrepreneurial mindset and how it is likely to transform in the coming years. Changing with the times is a must in every field. More so in education.

The students both boys and girls apart from their studies get a chance to listen to the top corporate and management experts and professionals who visit the campus to speak on various subjects. Also get to participate in extra curricular activities and cultural events organised by ITM Universe. Along with the professional training, a placement cell assists students for employment in reputed organisations.

Illuminati, the techfest organized by ITM Universe is a big draw. During my visit the campus was buzz with activity, with the planning and programmes for Illuminati this year. Many colleges and universities participate in the Technical, Sports and Cultural events. The faculties and students along with staff were planning to make the forthcoming techfest a grand success. And the students get a chance to exhibit their technical and creative talents.

Here I would like to add, got a chance to taste the campus food. The lunch ordered from the campus canteen was warm, tasty and healthy. Gives an idea of the healthy and hygienic food the students get; surely nothing to complain about. After spending the whole day at the campus, it was time to leave and go home to Baroda city. The visit was inspiring and a learning experience. Satisfied that our future engineers, managers, architects, designers are being educated and trained by well qualified teachers in a beautiful environment. When they pass out, they will be proud to have studied here.      Shopclues


                   Mangalore - tourist destination.



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Ancient caves:

In the western suburb of Mumbai, on the outskirts, are the Kanheri caves, which date back to more than 2,000 years. The caves – 140 in total are in good condition, all carved out of a single black rock, contain many ancient Buddhist sculptures, carvings, paintings and inscriptions dating from 1st century BCE to 10 th century CE.

The Kanheri Caves are a group of rock-cut monuments formed from a massive basalt rock in the forests of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park on the western outskirts of Mumbai. They contain Buddhist sculptures and relief carvings, paintings and inscriptions. Kanheri comes from the Sanskrit name, Krishnagiri, which means, black mountain. Each cave has a stone plinth that functioned as a bed. A congregation hall with huge stone pillars contains a stupa (a Buddhist shrine). Rock-cut channels above the caves fed rainwater into cisterns, which provided the complex with water. Once the caves were converted to permanent monasteries, their walls were carved with intricate reliefs of Buddha and the Bodhisattvas. Kanheri had become an important Buddhist settlement on the Konkan coast by the 3rd century CE. Most of the caves were used as the Buddhist viharas, meant for living, studying and meditating. The larger caves, functioned as chaitvas, or halls for congregational worship. The Avalokiteshwara is the most distinctive figure.

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Picture Post:
At Panchmahal, nr Vadodara, Gujarat
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Aneela Nike Post

Anil Naik

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