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Monday, 11 November 2019

Indian Constitution

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26 November is commemorated as the National Constitution Day. The Indian Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly having 284 members, with BR Ambedkar, Chairman of the drafting committee. And he was considered as the chief architect of the constitution. It’s considered to be the most complete constitution. It was effective from 26 January 1950. Indian citizens and politicians vouch by the Indian Constitution....

The Constitution of India or Bhāratīya Saṃvidhān as it known in Hindi is the supreme law in India. A Constitution is a set of rules and regulations guiding the administration of a country. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens.

It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950. The constitution replaced the Government of India Act, 1935 as the country's fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the Republic of India. To ensure constitutional autochthony, its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395. India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day.

Constituent Assembly of India
meeting in 1950

The Indian constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavors to promote fraternity. The original 1950 constitution is preserved at the Parliament House in New Delhi. The words "secular" and "socialist" were added to the preamble in 1976 during the emergency. This makes it unique.

The constitution was drawn from a number of sources. Mindful of India's needs and conditions, its framers borrowed features of previous legislation such as the Government of India Act 1858, the Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892 and 1909, the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935, and the Indian Independence Act 1947. The latter, led to the creation of India and Pakistan, divided the former Constituent Assembly in two. Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states.

B. R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Abdul Kalam AzadAbul Kalam, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in the assembly, which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. Harendra Coomar Mookerjeee, a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community. Judges, such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau, K. M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly. Female members included Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.

Jawaharlal Nehru signing the constitution

The first, two-day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president. It met for the first time on 9 December 1946.

Interesting facts about the Indian Constitution:

*The longest constitution in the world – The Indian Constitution is the longest of any sovereign country in the world. At the time of its commencement, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules.

Constituent Assembly- Dr BR Ambedkar
Chairman of Drafting Committee
presenting the final draft of Constitution

*Handwritten by Prem Behari Narain Raizada – The original Constitution of India was handwritten by Prem Behari Narain Raizada in flowing italic style with beautiful calligraphy. Each page was beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan.

*200 amendments later – The Constituent Assembly, which first met on Dec 9, 1946, took precisely two years, 11 months and 18 days to come up with a final draft. When the first draft was prepared and put for debate and discussion; over 2000 amendments were made before it was finalized.

*Safely stored away – The original copies of the Indian Constitution, written in both Hindi and English, are kept in special helium-filled cases in the Library of the Parliament of India.

*Known as ‘A Bag of Borrowings’ – The Indian Constitution has drawn from constitutions of various nations around the world such as France, the USSR, Germany and more. For this reason, our constitution is often known as a bag of borrowings.

The Indian constitution is unique, is the world’s longest for a sovereign nation. At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. At about 145,000 words, it is the second-longest active constitution – after the Constitution of Alabama – in the world.

The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles, which are grouped into 25 parts. With 12 schedules and five appendices, it has been amended 103 times.

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Saturday, 2 November 2019

Hyperloop – futuristic travel!

In December 2017, Hyperloop One’s pod reached a top speed of over 38 Kmph on its test track in the Nevada desert, north of Las Vegas. The targeted speed is 1,223 Kmph. Propulsion is required for only 5 percent of the track. Once the top speed is reached, a pod can glide for 100 miles without the application of any energy.

It can go to a maximum speed of approx 1000 Kmph. It’s about approximately twice faster than the bullet train and about ten times faster than the traditional rail. A real game-changer is mass transportation. A futuristic travel mode!

The hyperloop train in its current version was conceptualized by billionaire inventor Elon Musk, who publicized it in 2012, open-sourced it and encouraged others to take the ideas and develop them. Hyperloop One, is now called Virgin Hyperloop One. Hyperloop One’s first-generation pod combines a carbon fibre shell around a custom-built levitating chasis. The aeroshell is made of carbon fibre panels. The material is much lighter and stronger than steel. The levitating chasis is made of aluminum and houses the propulsion system and magnets for levitation and guidance. Its design is similar to a Formula 1 car. It is built like a shell to be lightweight but strong.

It is not operational anywhere in the world as yet but feasibility studies are underway. Hyperloop is conceptualized to operate in vacuum or low pressure tunnels on columns or underground. At 1000 kmph, it is likely to be the fastest mass transportation system in the world. It is designed to consume relatively less energy, thus making it cheaper and environment friendly.

Plans are underway to connect Mumbai with Pune through Hyperloop. The estimated cost of the route is around Rs 20,000 crore, which officials say works out cheaper than other forms of high-speed on-ground travel. The system will have a capacity of 150 million passengers per year, saving more than 90 million hours of travel.

Can high-speed, energy-efficient travel improve the quality of living in Indian cities? A Mumbai-Pune hyperloop of 140 Km is planned and likely to be operational by 2024. This will reduce the time taken to cover the distance between the two cities from three hours to just 25-30 minutes. Such a system may soon become a reality, as announced at Mumbai at the investment summit Magnetic Maharastra held some months ago. Besides, a US-based company has also proposed to evaluate construction of five Hyperloop lines in India – Bangalore to Chennai, Mumbai to Chennai via Bangalore, Bangalore to Thiruvanthapuram, Mumbai to Delhi and Mumbai to Kolkata. Feasibility studies are also proposed in Andhra Pradesh, connecting the new state capital Amravati to Vijaywada and Vishakhapatanam.

Imagine hopping on to a car shaped pod in Mumbai and being zipped away inside a 140-Km long vacuum tube and reaching Pune in 25 minutes. For the harried citizen facing traffic jams and crowded roads, this would be a boon. This may push the convectional mode of transport to just old memories.

The magical concept that can transport people and goods in pod like vehicles propelled through vacuum tubes with magnetic levitation, Hyperloop will be magical and exciting energy-efficient and emission-free high speed high speed travel. Hyperloop is a futuristic idea and if implemented, change the way we travel. However, the initial capital cost and investment is likely to be very high, with long term gains in energy and operational costs.

According to the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Maharastra government, Prithvi Sankar, Business Development head, Hyperloop India; hopes to complete a ten Km long test track on the Mumbai-Pune route within two years, to assess the feasibility of this technology in India.

R Branson, Chairman of Virgin Hyperloop One (VHO), said his company had signed an intent agreement with the state government to develop a hyperloop route between Pune Central, the proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport and Mumbai, beginning with an operational demonstration track. He said that the near supersonic mode of on-ground passenger travel could cut travel time considerably. The hyperloop mode uses technology in which a vehicle in a special tunnel floats above the track, using magnetic levitation, at a top speed over 1000 Kmph.

With Hyperloop test tracks and trial runs being undertaken all over the world from the US to South Korea and UAE to Slovakia, many experts believe that India could be among the early adopters of this technology.

However in a country like India, as in most infrastructure and development projects, land acquisition is a major challenge, followed by the large cost factor. If these hurdles are overcome with proper compensation to land owners and allocation of funds for this new project, it will be a game-changer in long distance mass transportation.

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Rama & Thailand ?

You must be aware, centuries ago, the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism spread to Far East and South East Asian countries like Cambodia (earlier known as Kambhoj), Thailand, Indonesia, etc. Did you know that in Bangkok, has a Sri Ayodhya road and Rama-I road. There are more such interesting facts.

Bangkok itself was established as the capital of Thailand by King Rama –I, the founder of the Chakri dynasty. It is evident from the history of Thailand that many generations of Thai Kings have identified themselves with Rama, who was regarded as an ideal ruler. And therefore, successive kings of the dynasty, have continued to hold the title of Rama with their names. The present king, His Majesty Bhumi Pol Adulyadej, is called King Rama –IX.

Alongwith Buddhism, the Hindu epic of Ramayana (known as Ramakin in Thai version) has excerised powerful influence over the Thai people. There is another Ayodhaya situated about 90 km north of Bangkok. Now lying in ruins, this ancient city, known as Ayutthaya in Thai, was founded as the capital of Thailand in 1350 by King Rama Thibode.

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Picture Post:

Bappanadu Durga Parmeshwari Temple,
Mulki, Mangalore, Karnataka

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Wednesday, 11 September 2019

The Silver Lamp

The Silver lamp is a beautiful short story by Anil Kumar Naik. It was published in a popular English magazine printed from Delhi several years ago, in1986. The story is in the background of India Pakistan war. It’s about war and Indian soldiers during the 1965 Indo-Pak war. And particularly one soldier, making a supreme sacrifice for his motherland. The story is heart-touching and relevant even today. It is reproduced here with the author’s consent.

Near the open ground, a little away from the other houses, stood a double-storeyed house, now practically in ruins. It had been destroyed in the very first days of the battle but the mad, old woman refused to vacate it. She lived all alone in the ruins, a silent witness to the intense fighting outside…….by Anil Kumar Naik

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I don’t anything about him except that, according to the newspapers, his name was Abdul, and that he was killed in action in the early morning on 5 September 1965, on the Punjab front on the bank of the river Sutlej.

The incident I am relating here goes back to the Indo-Pak war of 1965. The Indian army was pushing back the Pakistanis from our territory, which they had occupied abruptly, during another aggression on India. Most of the occupied land was regained by the Indian forces, and only a bridge across the Sutlej and a chunk of land, in front of it, on the bank was still in Pakistani hands.

As planned, in the early morning, six Indian soldiers set out to steal upon the Pakistanis, holding on to the chunk of land and the bridge. They had to pass through a small open ground. Damaged tanks and burnt armored jeeps and vehicles were scattered all over the place.

And the entire vegetation was razed to the ground, leaving behind only trunks of the trees. One can easily imagine what a deadly battle it must have been.

They succeeded in covering most of the ground, but in the middle, the men were suddenly caught by shelling and machine gun fire from the opposite bank. For about twenty five minutes, they were under heavy enemy fire. The men took cover in whatever they could find to protect themselves.

When finally the firing eased a little, a young man, a Sikh and a Gurkha soldier who were slightly wounded, crawled off, hugging two other seriously wounded soldiers, and the sixth, he who had been less fortunate, remained motionless in the middle.

The Pakistanis were panicky and probably worried by the Indian army’s attempt to get across the bridge. Expecting reinforcements, the whole day after they on and off shelled the open ground and the bushes around to stop any further attempt by the Indian soldiers to move forward towards the bridge.

The commander who had been ordered to cross over to the bridge the next day by noon, said, “There was no need to get Abdul’s body out; he could be buried after they had captured the bridge, so vital for India.” And with the strength and spirit of his valiant men, he was sure of recapturing the bridge and the far bank.

The Pakistanis, still worried and intending to keep the Indian soldiers at bay, continued to shell all day, after sunset and right through the night. They were expecting retaliation from the Indian forces.

Near the open ground, a little away from the rest of the houses, there stood a house with two floors but now practically in ruins.

And looking at it, one could not tell what the house originally looked like. It was destroyed in the very first days of the battle, and it was impossible to imagine that anybody still dwelt there.

However, an old Sikh woman, whom many thought insane, was still living under the ruins, which could now be only entered through a hole. The door was blocked with debris and stones.

She formerly lived on the second floor in a room, left to her by her late husband, a wealthy farmer. When the second floor was destroyed, she moved into a room on the first floor and when the first floor was bombed, she moved into the ground floor, refusing to move out.

Though there was intense fighting outside, she moved about her room and was a silent witness to all the happenings outside.

5 September 1965, was the third day she had been living there. That morning she clearly saw how the six Indian soldiers made their way into the open ground, from which her house was separated only by a broken fence.

She also saw the Pakistanis open fire and the shells exploding all around. She even pushed her head out of the hole, and was about to call the six soldiers to crawl into her house, where they would be surely, more safer when the shell a shell exploded close the ruins. And stunned by the explosion, she fell back, hit her head badly against the stone wall and lay unconscious.

Finally when she regained consciousness and looked out, she saw that only one of the six men was still on the ground. He was motionless and lying on his side, as if sleeping comfortably at home. She called out to him several times, but there was no response and soon she realized he was dead.

The Pakistanis, still worried of retaliation from the Indian side, continued their fire at regular intervals and shells continued to burst around, scooping earth, rising black smoke and wiping out the little left vegetation.

The dead soldier was lying all alone with damaged tanks, armored cars and burnt trees scattered around him.

From her house, the old woman gaped at the dead man. She was overcome with emotion and longed to share her feelings, but she was all alone. Her husband was killed long back by the Pakistanis. Even her dog, cow, hens and cats, that had ever since been her constant company, were killed during the last explosion.

Tears rolled down her eyes and she sat for a while, immersed in thought. Then she searched the only bundle lying in a corner. She took out something, hid it under her dress, and slowly made her way out of the house. She slowly moved towards the open space.

When a part of the fence blocked her movement further onward, instead of jumping over it, she made her way around it and finally came to the open ground.

The Pakistanis continued to shell and bomb the area, but miraculously not a single shell fell near her.

She unperturbed, slowly covered the entire ground and finally reached the spot where the dead Indian soldier lay motionless. With great difficulty she turned him over on his back and saw his face. He was young, handsome and pale.

She caressed his hair, kissed him on the forehead, crossed his arms on his chest and with great difficulty sat down next to him murmuring some prayer.

The Pakistanis continued to shell, bomb and fire with automatic guns and weapons from the other side of the river bank. However, the shells continued to fall far from her. So she sat at his side and just looked at him with tears in her eyes.

Something was jutting out from his shirt pocket. She managed to pull it out. It was a family photograph – his young wife, two kids and aged father and mother. Looking at it, she broke down: “Son, my son, you cannot see them.” And pushed it back into his pocket.

It was very cold and calm, except the time when the shells exploded. After sitting there silently for a while, finally she rose and, moving away from the dead soldier, took a few steps about the open ground. She had found what she was looking for – a large pit made by the shelling from the far side.

She slowly returned to the dead soldier. Taking hold of his hands, she began dragging him towards the pit. It was about fifteen feet away. But as she was frail and old, she had to sit at intervals. At last, she dragged him towards the pit and with all the strength she could muster, put him down into it. Exhausted, she sat down to rest.

The Pakistanis kept on firing and shelling from time to time, but the shells continued to explode at a distance. After a long rest, she knelt, closed her eyes and folding her hands, said a prayer. After kissing him on his face and forehead, she slowly began to cover him with earth.

Very soon nothing was visible from under the earth. Not satisfied, she continued to throw handfuls of earth. After over three hours, she managed to make a little mound over the buried dead young man.

Though the night was falling, the Pakistanis continued firing. Having finished the mound, the old, frail woman opened a small cloth bag and removed an old silver lamp, her treasured possession for all these years.

She brought out a bottle of oil and a matchbox. She stuck the silver lamp on the mound, poured some oil and lighted it. It burned brightly and, at once, lighted the dim surroundings. She sat down alongside, closed her eyes and folding her hands, prayed once again for the departed soul.

It was cold and a strong breeze blew across. But the flame just flickered on. Later, some shells exploded at a distance; the flame again just flickered, refusing to blow out.

But, finally the impact was so close that it toppled over. The old woman stuck it again, poured some oil and lighted it again. She was satisfied.

At about 3 am, she again came and poured some more oil. She saw the flame flickering. She looked around and stopped, feeling about the ground, found a piece of burnt iron sheet. And bending with great difficulty, with her weak hands, picked it up and she stuck it into the ground, so as to shield the lamp against the blowing wind.

After this, she moved back slowly as she had come all the way. Again she crossed the open ground, walked around the part of the fence and returned to her ruined house.

Early morning, the battalion to which the dead soldier, Abdul belonged, crossed the open ground under heavy shelling and fierce fighting followed across on the opposite river bank. Heavy fighting and firing continued on the far bank for some time till the enemy was driven away.

Remembering Abdul, who had been killed the previous morning, the commander ordered his men to find him and bury him in the common grave with all those who died fighting that morning. They searched for the body all over, but in vain.

Abruptly, one of the soldiers stopped at the corner of the open ground and, shouting in amazement called out to the rest of the men. Pointing to at the spot he said, “ look here.”

All looked down. There they saw a small mound in a big shell-hole half filled with earth, a silver lamp burning and a burnt iron sheet stuck to the ground to shield the flame from the wind. The flame still flickered. By now, all the men gathered around the grave. Removing their caps and helmets, they stood silently, watching the lamp burn, and overcome with emotion, said a silent prayer.

At that moment, the frail, old Sikh woman quietly approached and slowly walked past them and with great difficulty she bent down and poured some oil in the lamp. Then again she closed her eyes, folded her hands and murmured a prayer.

She started to rise, but was not able to do so immediately and a Gurkha soldier, closest to her, helped her up. She stood, without uttering a word, she looked at the men, the dead soldier’s comrades all feeling sad and helpless. She bowed low.

Again she closed her eyes, folded her hands and walked back. Their eyes followed her. And seeing her enter the old house, they moved away in the direction towards the bridge and across the river to catch up with the others of their battalion.

Amidst the ash, shell-holes, burnt metal and wood and mangled iron, burned the old widow’s treasured possession – a silver lamp, placed by a Sikh mother on the grave of a Muslim son.

The flame shone brightly and seemed eternal, like a mother’s heart and a son’s courage and love for his motherland.

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Khandoba, Martanda Bhairav or Malhari!

Khandoba, Martanda Bhairav or Malhari, is the Maratha manifestation of Shiva mainly in the Deccan plateau, though he is identified with Kartikeya and with Vishnu and also with sun. In Andhra, he is called Mallikarjuna and in Karnataka, he is Mallanna. Jains have identified him with Mallinath. Muslims who have a long history in Deccan region, identify him as Mallu Khan.

He is visualized as riding a white horse brandishing a sword. He wears a Maratha turban, has a magnificent moustache and beard. Accompanying him on his horse is his main wife, Mhalsa. Jejuri is a town close to Pune in Maharasthra. It is famous for the main temple devoted to Lord Khandoba.

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Picture Post:

St Joseph's Church, Mangalore, Karnataka

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